Corresponding author: Yuliia Frolova ( yuliia_hulina@ukr.net ) Academic editor: Plamen Peikov
© 2021 Tetiana Ihnatova, Andriy Kaplaushenko, Yuliia Frolova, Evheniy Pryhlo.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Ihnatova T, Kaplaushenko A, Frolova Y, Pryhlo E (2021) Synthesis and antioxidant properties of some new 5-phenethyl-3-thio-1,2,4-triazoles. Pharmacia 68(1): 129-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e53320
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Novel derivatives of 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols were synthesized. The proposed approaches and developed synthetic protocols provided the possibility to design 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols and their derivatives have been shown. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated in vitro by the method of the non-enzymatic initiation of BOD with salts of iron (II). When compared with existing antioxidants, some of our compounds were found to be more potent.
1, 2, 4-triazole, antioxidant activity, synthesis
Antioxidants are chemical structures that prevent the oxidation of other chemicals. They protect key cell components by neutralizing the harmful effect of free radicals which are natural products of cell metabolism. Oxidative stress leads to serious cell damage which results in various human diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, arthritis, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. The deficiency of antioxidants in food also leads to oxidative stress, which indicates a lack of antioxidant substances consumed by humans. Therefore, the search of substances that could not only prevent but also increase the resistance of the human body to active forms of oxygen or nitrogen and interfere with the processes of oxidative stress is an important task of medicine and pharmacy (
Extensive research is going on around the world to discover novel molecules to fight various infections and diseases. The demand, therefore, is to synthesize new bioactive molecules that are more effective and have fewer or no side effects (
Global achievements of scientists are engaged in the 1,2,4-triazole system simulation, studying various properties of the heterocycle and the formation on its base prospective “structures” can create favorable conditions for further search of new molecules with unique properties (
The 1,2,4‐triazole and its derivatives to exhibit various pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, analgesic, anti‐inflammatory, antitumoural, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties (
Drugs such as itraconazole, loreclezole, voriconazole, letrozole, vorozole, fluconazole, and anastrozole are examples of triazole derivatives.
The analysis of scientific literature data indicates that the creation of new drugs of synthetic origin is based on the chemical substance hetero- and alkyl- cyclic characters.2 Therefore, the introduction into the structure of 5-phenethyl-3-thio-1,2,4-triazole these radicals as substitutes are relevant, have got practical significance and requires further study (
Physical-chemical properties of the synthesized compounds have been investigated according to the methods described in the State Pharmacopeia of Ukraine (
The melting point has been determined by capillary method (2.2.14). The elemental composition of compounds has been set with the help of elemental analyzer Elementar Vario ЕL cube (CHNS) (standard – Sulfonamide). 1H NMR spectra of obtained compounds has been set with the help of Varian Mercury VX-200 (1Н, 200 MHz), solvent – DMSO-d6, internal standard – Tetramethylsilane (TMS). Chromatography-mass spectrometry studies have been conducted on gas-liquid chromatograph Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC equipped with a mass spectrometer Agilent 6120 (in electrospray ionization (ESI)) (
General procedure of synthesis of 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols (1–2). The carboxyl group of hydrocinnamic acid was esterified in butyl alcohol medium with presence of catalytic amount of sulphatic acid. Then butyl ester of hydrocinnamic acid was reacted with hydrazine hydrate to give hydrazide in the alcohol medium. During hydrazide interaction with ethyl or phenyl isothiocyanide in the 1,4-dioxane environment N-ethil-2-(3- phenylpropanoyl)hydrazine-1-carbotioamide or N-phenyl-2-(3- phenylpropanoyl)hydrazine-1-carbotioamide were received respectively. The cyclization of carbotiamids was performed in 2-mol water solution of sodium hydroxide, boiling them for two hours. The obtained compounds were recrystallised from acetic acid (
4-ethyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiole (1). Yield 50%, m.p.= 143–144 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 1.31 (t, 3H, CH3), 2.82–2.88 (t, 4H, (CH2)2), 4.12 (m, 2H, CH2), 7.19–7.23 (m, 5H, C6H5), 13.05 (s, 1H, SH). Calcd for C12H15N3S %: C, 61.77; H, 6.48; N, 18.01; S, 13.74. Found %: C, 61.75; H, 6.45; N, 18.05; S, 13.75.
4-phenyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiole (2). Yield 98%, m.p.= 270 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 2.84–2.89 (t, 4H, (CH2)2), 7.19–7.23 (m, 5H, C6H5), 7.38–7.62 (m, 5H, C6H5), 13.15 (s, 1H, SH). Calcd for C16H15N3S %: C, 68.30; H, 5.37; N, 14.93; S, 11.39. Found %: C, 68.35; H, 5.32; N, 17.96; S, 11.37.
General procedure of synthesis of 2-((4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)nitriles (3–4). A mixture of 0.03 mol of 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-tioles (1–2) and 0.03 mol of sodium hydroxide in 50 ml of methanol (propanol), was heated to dissolve thiol. 0.03 mol of appropriate halogen nitriles (3-chloropropanenitrile, 2-chlorobenzonitrile), were added to the reaction mixture, and heated to the neutral environment. The primary precipitate of sodium chloride was filtered. After complete cooling the precipitate of 2-((4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)nitriles (3–4) was filtered, washed and dried with diethyl ether. The obtained compounds were recrystallised from ethanol (
3-((4-phenyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)propanenitrile (3). Yield 20%, m.p.= 162–163 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 2.81 (m, 2H, CH2-CN), 2.82–2.88 (t, 4H, (CH2)2), 3.30 (t, 2H, S-CH2), 7.20–7.25 (m, 5H, C6H5), 7.40–7.65 (m, 5H, C6H5). Calcd for C19H18N4S %: C, 68.24; H, 5.43; N, 16.75; S, 9.59. Found %: C, 68.28; H, 5.39; N, 16.73; S, 9.60.
2-((4-ethyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)benzonitrile (4). Yield 98%, m.p.= 61 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 1.31 (t, 3H, CH3), 2.80–2.85 (t, 4H, (CH2)2), 4.12 (m, 2H, CH2-CH3), 7.21–7.26 (m, 5H, C6H5), 7.44–7.89 (m, 4H, C6H4). Calcd for C19H18N4S %: C, 68.24; H, 5.43; N, 16.75; S, 9.59. Found %: C, 68.26; H, 5.45; N, 16.77; S, 9.52.
General procedure of synthesis of 2-((4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetic (benzoic) acids (5–6). To the round-bottom flask under reflux 1 mol of 2-(4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)nitrile and 2 mol of 25% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution were added. This mixture was boiled until terminated the release of ammonia. After then under cooling, the aqueous solution was acidified with 20% sulfuric acid. The synthesized acids were filtered off, washed with water and recrystallized from ethanol (
2-((4-ethyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)benzoic acid (5). Yield 86%, m.p.= 125–126 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 1.29 (m, 3H, CH3); 2.80–4.20 (m, 6H, 3(CH2)); 7.22–8.26 (m, 10H, 2(C6H5)); 12.75 (s, 1H, СОOH). Calcd for C19H19N3O2S %: C, 64.57; H, 5.42; N, 11.89; S, 9.07. Found %: C, 64.59; H, 5.40; N, 11.90; S, 13,09.
2-((4-phenyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetic acid (6). Yield 82%, m.p.= 138–140 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 2.82–4.13 (m, 6H, 3(CH2)); 7.20–7.75 (m, 10H, 2(C6H5)); 12.70 (s, 1H, СОOH). Calcd for C18H17N3O2S %: C, 63/70; H, 5.05; N, 12.38; S, 9.45. Found %: C, 63.72; H, 5.04; N, 12.39; S, 9.47.
General procedure of synthesis of salts of 2 (4)-((4-phenyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)ethanoic acids (7–8). 0.01 mol of 2(4)-(((4-phenyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)ethanoic acid, 0.01 mol of an alkaline aqueous solution was charged into a round bottom flask. For compound 8 to 0.01 mol of acid was added 50 ml of methyl alcohol and 0.01 mol of methylamine solution. The resulting mixtures were heated to complete dissolution. After cooling, the solvent was evaporated. For further analysis, the synthesized compounds were recrystallized from a 1: 1 mixture of ethanol-water (
Sodium 2-((4-phenyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate (7). Yield 70%, m.p.= 126–128 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 2.80–4.02 (m, 6H, 3(CH2)); 7.22–7.65 (m, 10H, (C6H5)). Calcd for C18H16N3NaO2S %: C, 59.82; H, 4.46; N, 11,63; S, 8.87. Found % N, 11.66; S, 8.84.
Methylammonium 2-((4-phenyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)acetate (8). Yield 42%, m.p.= 142–143 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 1.31 (s, 2H, CH3); 2.84–4.10 (m, 8H, 4(CH2)); 7.21–7.25 (m, 5H, C6H5). Calcd for C19H22N4O2S %: C, 61.60; H, 5.99; N, 15.12; S, 8.65. Found %: C, 61.62; H, 6.01; N, 15.15; S, 8.68.
General procedure of synthesis of alkyl 2-((4-ethyl-5-phenethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acet (benz)imidates (9–10). The mixture of 2-((4-ethyl-5-phenethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)aceto(benzo) nitrile (0,01 mol), chloroform (10 ml) and absolute alcohol (25 ml) was added into Bunsen flask. It was equipped with calcium chloride tube. The mixture was cooled to the temperature of -5 °C and was saturated with dry hydrogen chloride. The 2 moles excess of dry hydrogen chloride was used for the saturation of 1 mole of 2-((4-ethyl-5-phenethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)aceto(benzo) nitrile. Then, the mixture was left at 0 0C for 24 hours and the solvent was evaporated. Target compounds were recrystallized from ethanol for the analysis (
Propyl 2-((4-ethyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetimidate (9). Yield 55%, m.p.= 280 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 1.10–1.40 (m, 6H, CH3); 1.80 (m, 2H, CH2); 2.85–2.90 (m, 4H, (CH2)2); 3.64–4.15 (m, 6H, CH2); 7.15–7.20 (m, 5H, C6H5); 9.30 (s, 1H, NH=C). Calcd for С17H24N4OS %: C, 61.42; H, 7.28; N, 16.85; S, 9.64. Found %: C, 61.44; H, 7.29; N, 16.85; S, 9.62.
Butyl 2-((4-ethyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)benzimidate (10). Yield 59%, m.p.= 130–132 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 1.05–1.35 (m, 6H, CH3); 1.45–4.20 (m, 10H, CH2); 7.20–7.45 (m, 4H, C6H4); 7.25–7.30 (m, 5H, C6H5); 9.45 (s, 1H, NH=C). Calcd for С23H28N4OS %: C, 67.62; H, 6.91; N, 13.71; S, 7.85. Found %: C, 67.63; H, 6.92; N, 13.72; S, 7.86.
General procedure of synthesis of 3-(heptylthio)-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (11). To a solution of 0.04 mol sodium hydroxide in 80 ml methanol 0.04 mol 5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiole and 0.04 mol of 1-bromoheptane was added, boiled to neutral medium, filtered, the filtrate evaporated to give compound 11. For the analysis of compound 11 was purified by crystallization from a mixture of ethanol-water 1: 1. Yield 57%, m.p.= 212 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 0.88 (t, 3H, CH3), 1.26–2.83 (m, 12H, (CH2)6), 2.85–2.90 (m, 4H, (CH2)2); 7.18–7.23 (m, 5H, C6H5). Calcd for C17H25N3S %: C, 67.28; H, 8.30; N, 13.85; S, 10.56. Found %: C, 67.29; H, 8.28; N, 13.83; S, 10.60.
General procedure of synthesis of 6-((4-R-5-phenethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)pyridine-3-yl)-(alkyl-, heteryl)methanimines (12–13). To the solution of 0.02 mole of 6-(4-R-5-phenethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)pyridine-3-amine in 40 ml of acetic acid, it has been added 0.02 mole of aldehydes. The mixture has been left at room temperature for 6 hours. Then the compounds 12–14 have been filtered, washed with ether and dried. In addition, new compounds are soluble in organic solvents, but slightly soluble in water. Compounds 12–14 have been recrystallized from ethanol-water (1:1) medium (
6-((4-phenyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)pyridin-3-ylethanimine (12). Yield 79%, m.p.= 114–115 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 0.87 (d, 3H, CH3), 2.85–2.90 (m, 4H, (CH2)2); 7.15–7.20 (m, 5H, C6H5); 7.38–7.62 (m, 5H, C6H5); 7.50–8.09 (m, 3H, pyridine). Calcd for С23H21N5S %: C, 69.15; H, 5.30; N, 17.53; S, 8.02. Found %: C, 69.14; H, 5.31; N, 17.52; S, 8.03.
6-((4-ethyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazoel-3-yl)thio)pyridin-3-yl-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)methanimine (13). Yield 75%, m.p.= 128–129 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 1.31 (t, 3H, CH2-CH3), 2.83–2.88 (m, 4H, (CH2)2); 3.77 (s, 3H, O-CH3), 7.18–7.26 (m, 5H, C6H5); 7.30–7.44 (m, 4H, C6H4), 7.48–8.05 (m, 3H, pyridine), 8.71 (s, 1H, N=CH). Calcd for С25H25N5OS %: C, 67.70; H, 5.68; N, 15.79; S, 7.23. Found %: C, 67.72; H, 5.69; N, 15.78; S, 7.24.
The method of evaluation of AOA was used in the non-enzymatic initiation of BOD with salts of iron (II). The egg lipoprotein suspension (ELS) was used as the substrate. ELS was prepared by homogenizing egg yolk with phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4). To the suspension was added the test compounds at a concentration of 10–3 mol / l. The free radical oxidation reaction is initiated by the addition of FeSO4 × 7H2O solution. The mixture was incubated for 60 min at 37 °C. The reaction was stopped with a 20% solution of trichloroacetic acid with trilon B. After centrifugation for 30 min. a solution of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was added to the supernatant and boiled in a water bath for 60 minutes. The colored complex of TBA-active products (TBA-AP) is extracted with the addition of n-butanol. Spectrophotometry determines the concentration of TBK-AP. Antioxidant activity (in percent) is determined by the formula:
where AOA – antioxidant activity, %
E0 – the optical density of the control solution;
E1 – the optical density of a solution containing the test compound (vitamin C)
On the first stage the 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols (1–2) were received. For synthesized of 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols at first was esterified butyl ester of hydrocinnamic acid, then with hydrazine hydrate was given hydrazide 3-phenylpropanoate. Further was received carbothioamides and in the last step was gotten 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols (Scheme 1).
2-((4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)nitriles (3–4) were received by adding appropriate halogen nitriles (3-chloropropanenitrile, 2-chlorobenzonitrile) to 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols (1–2) in alkaline-alcohol environment (Scheme 2).
On the next stage 2-((4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetic(benzoic) acids (5–6) were received with 2-(4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)nitriles and sulfuric acid (Scheme 3).
Salts of 2(4)-((4-phenyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)ethanoic acids (7–8) were obtained by the interaction of 2(4)-(((4-phenyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)ethanoic acid (5) with salt of Na+ in an alkaline medium or with methylamine in an alcohol medium (Scheme 4).
As starting materials for synthesis of alkyl 2-((4-ethyl-5-phenethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acet(benz)imidates (9–10), the corresponding 2-((4-ethyl-5-phenethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)aceto(benzo)nitriles have been used. Synthesis has been set in the absolute alcohol medium (propanol or butanol alcohol) with chloroform, using the saturation with dry hydrogen chloride (Scheme 5).
3-(heptylthio)-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (11) was gotten from 5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiole and 1-bromoheptane in the sodium hydroxide medium (Scheme 6).
6-((4-R-5-phenethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)pyridine-3-yl)-(alkyl-, heteryl)methanimines (12–13) have been obtained by mixture from 6-(4-R-5-phenethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)pyridine-3-amine and aldehydes. Synthesis has been carried out in the acetic acid medium. The mixture has been left at room temperature for 6 hours (Scheme 7).
The results of the determination of AOA obtained in the experiment 1,2,4-triazole derivatives in model experiments under conditions Fe2 +-induced POL are presented in Table
Antioxidant activity of 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols on their derivatives in vitro at non-enzymatic initiation of VRO.
Compound | Optical density (λ = 232 нм) M ± m (n = 7) | АОА, % |
---|---|---|
Control | 0.6731±0.004 | 0 |
Vitamin C | 0.4485±0.0018 | 33,41 |
1 | 0.4515±0.0139 | 33,06 |
2 | 0.6464±0.0108 | -2,48 |
3 | 0.584±0.0141 | 5,02 |
4 | 0.6405±0.011 | 2,49 |
5 | 0.5209±0.0134 | 32,53 |
8 | 0.4806±0.0174 | 38,79 |
13 | 0.5005±0.015 | 26,5 |
Control | 0.6891±0.0058 | 0 |
Vitamin C | 0.4447±0.0015 | 34,77 |
6 | 0.523±0.013 | 19,56 |
7 | 0.5248±0.0111 | 22,43 |
9 | 0.581±0.008 | 20,41 |
10 | 0.4405±0.016 | 32,4 |
11 | 0.5115±0.0117 | 27,04 |
12 | 0.5105±0.0095 | 22,63 |
Moderate antioxidant activity among the studied of 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols possessed in compounds 3, 4, 13, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12 which reduced the level TBC – AP by 2.49–27.04% (p < 0.001).
Compounds 1, 5, 10 had high AOA, which reduced the TBC-AP content by 32.40 -33.06 % (p < 0.001).
The most pronounced AOA had methylammonium 2-((4-phenyl-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate (8), which reduced the TBC-AP content by 38.79% (p < 0.001) and which exceeds the ascorbic reference drug by this ability acid by 5.38%.
A series of novel 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols derivatives, possessing antioxidant activity, was prepared. We have shown that the proposed approaches and developed synthetic protocols provided the possibility to design 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols and their derivatives. The pharmacological screening allowed the identification of only one lead compound whose antioxidant activity exceeded that for ascorbic acid. Further optimization of the structure to improve their activities is currently in progress.