Research Article |
Corresponding author: Valentina Petkova ( petkovav1972@yahoo.com ) Academic editor: Plamen Peikov
© 2024 Iva Parvova, Tzvetomir Delyiski, Parvoleta Peteva, Valentina Petkova, Еmil Hristov, Emanuil Yordanov, Lubomir Marinchev, Emil Milushev, Milen Dimitrov.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Parvova I, Delyiski T, Peteva P, Petkova V, Hristov E, Yordanov E, Marinchev L, Milushev E, Dimitrov M (2024) Non-interventional observational retrospective-prospective study of health-related quality of life (EuroQoL) in patients with vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies undergoing treatment with rituximab. Pharmacia 71: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e127867
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Working with patients with Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)- associated vasculitis (AAV) requires a clear understanding of their current health status. In the scientific literature, there is not enough data on their quality of life with the different therapeutic regimens. No generic tools have been developed to assess functional indicators and health status. The aim of the study is to measure the health-related quality of life (physical, psychological and social functioning) in a Bulgarian population of patients with systemic vasculitis associated with ANCA undergoing treatment with rituximab using a common tool. Design – retrospective-prospective, observational, non- interventional, controlled study in two periods, in two rheumatology centers in Bulgaria. Treatment with rituximab leads to qualitative and quantitative improvement in all components of physical health, mental and social components. All measured parameters are within the normal range for the general population. Rituximab treatment of AAV is the best therapeutic alternative in current rheumatology practice.
Systemic vasculitis, anti -neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), EuroQol-5D-5 L, visual analog scale (VAS), rituximab (RTX)
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) are diseases with a significantly high mortality rate, with almost all patients requiring aggressive immunosuppressive treatment. The course of the disease can vary from subacute non-specific complaints to life-threatening damage to organs and systems (
Several methods have been established in clinical practice for the assessment of AAV damage. The Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) in adults (
No specific (generic) tools have been developed to assess functional indicators and health status in patients with AAV. In theory, the use of common tools combined with disease-specific tools is the optimal way to determine functional outcomes in patients with systemic vasculitis regardless of pre- or post-treatment (
The primary objective of this study was to measure health-related quality of life (physical, psychological and social functioning) in a Bulgarian population of patients with systemic vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) undergoing treatment with the biologic Rituximab (RTX) (
Design – retrospective-prospective, observational, non-interventional, controlled study in two periods, in two rheumatology centers on the territory of the city of Sofia, Bulgaria. An independent control group of patients is not planned. The selected cohort of patients is a self-controlling group, as patients self-assess their health by completing pre- and post-treatment surveys. Study period – January 2019 – September 2020. The main method is a “direct individual survey” with closed-ended responses. The questionnaire survey was conducted using a common instrument for measuring health status EQ-5D- 5L (
The primary endpoints of the EQ-5D-5L were mobility, self-care, usual activities, aches and pains, anxiety and depression. A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was added to the tool as an additional criterion for self-report of health status. Inclusion criteria: 1. Signed and dated informed consent; 2. Age over 18 years; 3. Diagnosed AAV; 4. The diagnosis must be made in accordance with the EULAR criteria (
Participants in the study completed the 5-item EQ-5D-5L questionnaire by answering the questions retrospectively – again describing their condition 4 weeks back. Once the requisite number of participants has been reached and/or the observation period has elapsed, a three-part consolidated report is prepared using the designated software product. The first part will include analysis of the primary endpoints, the second part will comprise data from the visual analogue scale, and the third will analyze the effectiveness of biologic treatment based on health-related quality of life data. Only subjects who have received prior information from a physician member of the research team about the objectives, risks and inconveniences of the trial and the conditions under which it will be conducted, as well as their right to withdraw from the trial at any time without adverse consequences to them, have given personal written informed consent to participate after being informed of the nature, meaning, consequences and possible risks of their participation. The trial was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and subsequent amendments, the Law on Medicinal Products in Human Medicine (
Only patients diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s granulomatosis, Wegener’s disease) were included in the study. The analyzed group of patients consisted of 12 people – 10 men (83.33) and 2 women (16.67). The frequency for Bulgaria of patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis is estimated as newly diagnosed cases between 14.7 – 100.80 with a median of 43.05. As previously reported in our studies and publications, no literature or official national statistics are available on the actual total number of patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis for the period 2018–2021 (
Health status scores were measured using the EuroQol 5D-5L instrument on Visit 1 prior to initiation of biological treatment, in accordance with the EQ-5D-5L User Guide, (
Domains of the EuroQol 5D-5L instrument – number of participants, questions and answers.
Respondents (n) | Missing answers | Unique answers | |
12/domain | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (1, 3, 4, 5 domain); 4 (2 domains) | |
Questions | Number of responses | ||
Mobility domain | 12 | ||
I have no problems in walking about | 3 | ||
I have slight problems in walking about | 1 | ||
I have moderate problems in walking about | 5 | ||
I have severe problems in walking about | 1 | ||
I am unable to walk about | 2 | ||
Self-Care Domain | 12 | ||
I have no problems washing or dressing myself | 7 | ||
I have slight problems washing or dressing myself | 2 | ||
I have moderate problems washing or dressing myself | 2 | ||
I have severe problems washing or dressing myself | 1 | ||
I am unable to wash or dress myself | 0 | ||
Usual activities domain | 12 | ||
I have no problems doing my usual activities | 6 | ||
I have slight problems doing my usual activities | 3 | ||
I have moderate problems doing my usual activities | 1 | ||
I have severe problems doing my usual activities | 1 | ||
I am unable to do my usual activities | 1 | ||
Pain / Discomfort Domain | 12 | ||
I have no pain or discomfort | 5 | ||
I have slight pain or discomfort | 2 | ||
I have moderate pain or discomfort | 2 | ||
I have severe pain or discomfort | 2 | ||
I have extreme pain or discomfort | 1 | ||
Anxiety / Depression Domain | 12 | ||
I am not anxious or depressed | 5 | ||
I am slightly anxious or depressed | 3 | ||
I am moderately anxious or depressed | 2 | ||
I am severely anxious or depressed | 1 | ||
I am extremely anxious or depressed | 1 |
Of the 12 patients included in the study, three (25%) reported no problems with their mobility. The remaining 9 (75%) of the group have mobility problems, with the largest share occupied by patients who have moderate difficulties – 5 (41.7%). There was a correlation between disease activity assessed by BVAS version 3 and the assessment of patient mobility. A match is found in the severity score of the general condition and the score of mobility severity above 67.5%. In the Self-Care domain, 58.3% of respondents reported no problems with daily dressing and general hygiene activities. The remaining 5 (41.7%) of the group have self-maintenance problems rated as mild to moderate. Only 1 patient had serious problems and none reported a lack of self-care. The results of the third domain “Usual activities (work, study, housework, family or leisure activities)” showed that half of the participants had no difficulty with usual activities, while the other half reported difficulty of varying degrees of severity. 58.3% of patients reported pain and discomfort in their daily life, rated from mild to extremely severe in severity. 5 of the patients do not have any problems according to this criterion. In the fifth, last domain “Anxiety/Depression”, 7 (58.3%) of the patients reported the presence of anxiety and/or depression during the performance of daily activities. Three have a mild form of anxiety/depression and 2 have a moderate degree. The remaining 5 or 41.7% of the group reported no problems with this indicator. Two patients fell into the most severe degree of self-assessment – a serious and extremely anxious-depressive state. Statistical evaluation of the aggregate data was based on 100% completeness of the data – all patients answered 100% of the questions asked. A five-digit number system was used to determine the individual score. Perfect health is denoted by five ones (11,111) and the worst by five fives – 55,555. Each health status can be transformed into a weighted index score using a country- or region-specific set of values. EQ-5D index values illustrate society’s perceptions of health and range from – 0.590 to 1.0, where negative values correspond to poor health (conditions worse than death) and 1.0 corresponds to perfect health. Our data were compared with validated EuroQol 5D-5L index results for the general population. The comparison was performed against standardized EuroQol 5D-5L norms for the Bulgarian population (
Comparison of the results with standardized norms EuroQol 5D-5L for the Bulgarian population.
EQ-5D-5L | Degree of severity | Norms men (n/%) | Norms women (n/%) | Results n-12 |
---|---|---|---|---|
10 men/2 women | ||||
Mobility | No problem | 361 (76.0%) | 371 (70.0%) | 25.0% |
Minor problems | 72 (15.2%) | 92 (17.3%) | 8.3% | |
Moderate problems | 23 (4.8%) | 46 (8.7%) | 41.7% | |
Serious problems | 17 (3.6 %) | 19 (3.6%) | 8.3% | |
Impossible | 2 (0.4%) | 2 (0.4%) | 16.7% | |
Self-Care | No problem | 416 (87.5%) | 452 (85.3%) | 58.3% |
Minor problems | 43 (9.1 %) | 54 (10.2%) | 16.7% | |
Moderate problems | 14 (3.0 %) | 23 (4.3%) | 16.7% | |
Serious problems | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (0.2%) | 8.3% | |
Inability | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0% | |
Usual activities | No problem | 388 (81.7%) | 397 (74.9%) | 50.0% |
Mild problems | 69 (14.5%) | 103 (19.4%) | 25.0% | |
Moderate problems | 5 (1.1 %) | 18 (3.4%) | 8.3% | |
Serious problems | 12 (2.5%) | 12 (2.3%) | 8.3% | |
Impossible | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8.3% | |
Pain/Discomfort | No | 314 (66.0%) | 298 (56.2%) | 41.7% |
Light | 109 (2 3.0%) | 152 (28.7%) | 16.7% | |
Moderate | 38 (8.0%) | 61 (11.5%) | 16.7% | |
Heavy | 14 (3.0%) | 17 (3.2%) | 16.7% | |
Extreme | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.4%) | 8.3% | |
Anxiety/Depression | No | 343 (72.%) | 315 (59.4%) | 41.7% |
Light | 92 (19.4%) | 136 (25.7%) | 25% | |
Moderate | 24 (5.1%) | 57 (10.8%) | 16.7% | |
Heavy | 14 (3.0%) | 16 (3.0%) | 8.3% | |
Extreme | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8.3% |
As mentioned in the introductory section, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is an integral part of the study and represents a self-assessment of status by patients. The scale resembles a thermometer and is sized from 0 to 100 points corresponding to the following questions: 0 = The best health condition you can imagine and 100 = The worst health condition you can imagine. EQ VAS data should be presented descriptively, with a measure of central tendency and a measure of dispersion being most commonly used. This may be the mean and standard deviation (SD) or, if the data are skewed, the mean and interquartile range (IQR). Our results are presented in Table
Self-assessment data with the Visual Analogue Scale before biological treatment with Rituximab.
Total Count (N) | Missing* | Unique | Min | Max | Mean | StDev | Sum | Percentile | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.05 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.50 Median | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.95 | ||||||||
12 | 0 (0.0%) | 10 | 13 | 71 | 39.17 | 16.04 | 470 | 16.85 | 20.40 | 28.50 | 40 | 50 | 51.80 | 60.55 |
The mode was calculated at 39.17 points with a standard deviation of 16.04 and a median of 40 points. No patient rated their condition as very good and/or excellent. One rated his condition as relatively good, and all others as fair to poor – the self-assessment level was 50 or below 50 points. Three patients self-rated below 25 points, a sign of critical condition. The worsened self-esteem was predominantly due to anxiety/depression, pain/discomfort and mobility. The graphical distribution is shown in Fig.
Standardized EQ VAS norms for the Bulgarian population are a mean of 77.1 for women vs. a mean of 78.7 for males (
The assessment of health status of Visit 2 using the EuroQol 5D-5L instrument after RTX biologic treatment is presented in Table
Assessment of health status after biological treatment with Rituximab – number of participants, questions and answers.
Total number (n) | Missing answers | Unique answers | |
12/domain | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (all domains) | |
Questions | Number of responses | ||
Mobility domain | 12 | ||
I have no problems in walking about | 7 | ||
I have slight problems in walking about | 3 | ||
I have moderate problems in walking about | 2 | ||
I have severe problems in walking about | 0 | ||
I am unable to walk about | 0 | ||
Self-Care Domain | 12 | ||
I have no problems washing or dressing myself | 8 | ||
I have slight problems washing or dressing myself | 3 | ||
I have moderate problems washing or dressing myself | 1 | ||
I have severe problems washing or dressing myself | 0 | ||
I am unable to wash or dress myself | 0 | ||
Usual activities domain | 12 | ||
I have no problems doing my usual activities | 7 | ||
I have slight problems doing my usual activities | 4 | ||
I have moderate problems doing my usual activities | 1 | ||
I have severe problems doing my usual activities | 0 | ||
I am unable to do my usual activities | 0 | ||
Pain / Discomfort Domain | 12 | ||
I have no pain or discomfort | 5 | ||
I have slight pain or discomfort | 4 | ||
I have moderate pain or discomfort | 3 | ||
I have severe pain or discomfort | 0 | ||
I have extreme pain or discomfort | 0 | ||
Anxiety / Depression Domain | 12 | ||
I am not anxious or depressed | 8 | ||
I am slightly anxious or depressed | 2 | ||
I am moderately anxious or depressed | 2 | ||
I am severely anxious or depressed | 0 | ||
I am extremely anxious or depressed | 0 |
Of the patients included in the study, 73.3% reported no problems with their mobility, and 16.7% of the group reported moderate difficulties. After the RTX treatment, mobility as one of the most impaired quality-of-life outcomes approached that of healthy individuals. In the domain “Self-Care”– only 1 patient reported moderate difficulty in self-care in daily life. Of the remaining 11 – 8 had no difficulty and 2 reported some difficulty. We can assume that in this domain after the biological treatment there is a significant improvement to complete disappearance of complaints in 91.7% of cases. In 91.7% of the participants, significant improvement was reported in performing usual daily activities such as work, study, housework, family-related activities or leisure time activities. 7 patients had no complaints and 4 had mild difficulties. Only 1 patient reported moderate difficulties. In 75% of patients, pain and discomfort in daily life were reduced to absent (5) and to mild (4). Three patients were found to have moderate pain or discomfort. Compared with the pre-treatment assessment, no patients were found to have serious or extremely severe pain or discomfort. Moderate anxiety was found in 2 patients. In 2, mild, and in 8 there was no evidence of either anxiety or depression. Compared with baseline data, when only 41.7% of all patients reported no problems on this indicator, 66.7% had no anxiety in the post-biological treatment group. If we add the two patients with a mild form, we can conclude that in 83.4% we have sustained improvement on this item.
The comparison of the results obtained for the EuroQol 5D-5L index after RTX treatment with the data for the general population is presented in Table
Comparison of results with standardized EuroQol 5D-5L norms for the Bulgarian population after RTX treatment.
EQ-5D-5L | Degree of severity | Norms men (n/%) | Norms women (n/%) | Results n-12 |
---|---|---|---|---|
10 men/2 women | ||||
Mobility | No problem | 361 (76.0%) | 371 (70.0%) | 58.3% |
Mild problems | 72 (15.2%) | 92 (17.3%) | 25.0% | |
Moderate problems | 23 (4.8%) | 46 (8.7%) | 16.7% | |
Serious problems | 17 (3.6%) | 19 (3.6%) | 0 | |
Impossible | 2 (0.4%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0 | |
Self-Care | No problem | 416 (87.5%) | 452 (85.3%) | 66.7% |
Mild problems | 43 (9.1%) | 54 (10.2%) | 25.0% | |
Moderate problems | 14 (3.0%) | 23 (4.3%) | 8.3% | |
Serious problems | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 | |
Inability | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 | |
Usual activities | No problem | 388 (81.7%) | 397 (74.9%) | 59.3% |
Mild problems | 69 (14.5%) | 103 (19.4%) | 33.3% | |
Moderate problems | 5 (1.1%) | 18 (3.4%) | 8.3% | |
Serious problems | 12 (2.5%) | 12 (2.3%) | 0 | |
Impossible | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 | |
Pain/Discomfort | No | 314 (66.0%) | 298 (56.2%) | 41.7% |
Light | 109 (2 3.0%) | 152 (28.7%) | 33.3% | |
Moderate | 38 (8.0%) | 61 (11.5%) | 25.0% | |
Heavy | 14 (3.0%) | 17 (3.2%) | 0 | |
Extreme | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0 | |
Anxiety/Depression | No | 343 (72.1%) | 315 (59.4%) | 66.7% |
Light | 92 (19.4%) | 136 (25.7%) | 16.7% | |
Moderate | 24 (5.1%) | 57 (10.8%) | 16.7% | |
Heavy | 14 (3.0%) | 16 (3.0%) | 0 | |
Extreme | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 |
The results show that the health-related quality of life in patients diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s granulomatosis, Wegener’s disease) undergoing treatment with RTX biologic is significantly improved, both compared to the baseline visit in this study and also compared to the performance of the general population. There were no severe grade and extreme grade complaints in any of the domains. The data obtained were statistically significant at p<0.05.
The results of the self-assessment of status with the Visual Analogue Scale after RTX biological treatment are presented in Table
Total Count (N) | Missing* | Unique | Min | Max | Mean | StDev | Sum | Percentile | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.05 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.50 Median | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.95 | ||||||||
12 | 0 (0.0%) | 9 | 40 | 100 | 70.08 | 15.63 | 841 | 48.80 | 56.10 | 62.25 | 70 | 80 | 84.50 | 91.75 |
The direct comparison of the results obtained in the five domains of the EuroQol 5D-5L instrument between Visit 1 and Visit 2, before RTX incorporation and after RTX biologic treatment was administered and remission was achieved, is presented in Table
EQ-5D-5L | Degree of severity | Exit visit | Post-treatment visit | p-value (t-test) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mobility | No problem | 25.0% | 58.3% | 0.008 |
Mild problems | 8.3% | 25.0% | ||
Moderate problems | 41.7% | 16.7% | ||
Serious problems | 8.3% | 0 | ||
Impossible | 16.7% | 0 | ||
Self-Care | No problem | 58.3% | 66.7% | 0.027 |
Minor problems | 16.7% | 25.0% | ||
Moderate problems | 16.7% | 8.3% | ||
Serious problems | 8.3% | 0 | ||
Inability | 0.0% | 0 | ||
Usual activities | No problem | 50.0% | 59.3% | 0.015 |
Minor problems | 25.0% | 33.3% | ||
Moderate problems | 8.3% | 8.3% | ||
Serious problems | 8.3% | 0 | ||
Impossible | 8.3% | 0 | ||
Pain/Discomfort | No | 41.7% | 41.7% | 0.003 |
Light | 16.7% | 33.3% | ||
Moderate | 16.7% | 25.0% | ||
Heavy | 16.7% | 0 | ||
Extreme | 8.3% | 0 | ||
Anxiety/Depression | No | 41.7% | 66.7% | 0.013 |
Light | 25% | 16.7% | ||
Moderate | 16.7% | 16.7% | ||
Heavy | 8.3% | 0 | ||
Extreme | 8.3% | 0 |
Self-reported status with Visual Analogue Scale – comparison between Visit 1 and Visit 2 (before and after RTX treatment).
Visits | Total | Missing | Unique | Min | Max | Mean | StDev | Sum | Percentile | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | |||||||||||||||
(n) | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.95 | ||||||||
Median | |||||||||||||||
Visit 1 | 12 | 0 | 10 | 13 | 71 | 39.17 | 16.04 | 470 | 16.85 | 20.40 | 28.50 | 40 | 50 | 51.80 | 60.55 |
Visit 2 | 12 | 0 | 9 | 40 | 100 | 70.08 | 15.63 | 841 | 48.80 | 56.10 | 62.25 | 70 | 80 | 84.50 | 91.75 |
We found that the time from symptom onset to diagnosis is relatively short, yet the diagnosis is made at an advanced stage of disease development – our measured disease activity in the Bulgarian population is moderate-severe BVAS version 3. Conducting conventional treatment alone does not lead to any change in the physical functioning, emotional state and perceived general health of patients. On none of the elements forming the health-related quality of life, patients undergoing conventional treatment are defined as being in normal and/or good health and do not fall into the healthy group of the general population. The health-related quality of life of patients without treatment and with standard treatment of vasculitis is significantly worse compared to the general population and does not meet current requirements. 2/3 of patients are in a severely depressed state. The use of biologics for the treatment of vasculitis is a therapeutic novelty and the timely initiation of RTX treatment leads to rapid control of clinical symptomatology and entry into prolonged remission. Biologic treatment with RTX resulted in significant improvements in health-related quality of life in over 75% of patients across the two major domains of physical and mental health, compared to patients on conventional treatment where 75% of patients did not self-identify as healthy. RTX treatment resulted in qualitative and quantitative improvements in all components of physical health – on all measures, patients entered population norms. The elements forming the mental component – vitality, social functioning, emotional functioning and mental health after biological treatment are within the healthy population norm. The level of depression after RTX treatment was within the norm for the general population. The improvement in health-related quality of life in patients with AAV provides additional arguments to justify biologic therapy as the treatment of choice, despite the relatively high cost of drug therapy. Our study contributes to the knowledge of medical professionals about the symptomatology of AAV due to mental, physical and social factors. Measuring health-related quality of life in patients with AAV can be used for routine analysis of health status before and after treatment. This study shows that RTX treatment is the best therapeutic alternative in current rheumatology practice for the treatment of AAV.
The a uthors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.