Corresponding authors: Aknur Turgumbayeva (
Leaves of
The leaves of
Throughout a timeline of human evolution, people have sought out natural remedies to improve their well-being and treat disease. And concurring to mankind’s involvement over the centuries, treatment with restorative plants is considered exceptionally secure as there’s no or negligible side effects (
The leaves of
Presence of amino acids in nature can be either in the composition of peptide and protein chains as building blocks or in free form. Analysis of amino acid composition of plants plays a crucial role in the study of biological preparations. In nature, there are a total of 22 proteinogenic amino acids, with 20 genetically encoded protein amino acids serving as the building blocks of proteins and essential components of all biological systems. The majority of proteins in multicellular creatures are based on L-amino acids, which have a significant impact on human and animal nutrition and have significant therapeutic potential (Bercovici and Fuller 1995; Ambrogelly et al. 2007). The remaining nine amino acids, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine, are dubbed essential amino acids since only 11 of the 20 amino acids represented by the universal genetic code can be synthesized by humans. These are so-called because they must be ingested in order to keep cellular and physiological processes at their best. As a result, amino acid supplementation in the form of nutraceuticals may be advantageous to the human body. When consumed in concentrated form, it can have amazing effects on nutritional deficiency disorders and a variety of other diseases. Furthermore, additional
Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the phytochemicals present by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method and minerals by flame atomic absorption spectrometry in
For suitable and reliable analysis in mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography analysis, water and methanol (≥99.9%) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St Louis, Missouri, USA). And standards (including lupeol, β-Sitosterol α-Amyrin, phytol) were acquired from Sigma–Aldrich, too. Filtration membranes (composed of cellulose nitrate and a small content of cellulose acetate, 0.45 µm) were purchased from Carl Roth, Germany.
Sample volume was 0.5 µl, sample injection temperature at 280 °C. Separation was carried out using an SLB-5MS chromatographic capillary column 30 m long, with an inner diameter of 0.25 mm and a film thickness of 0.25 μm at a constant carrier gas (helium) (velocity of 1 ml/min). The chromatography temperature is programmed from 40 °C (hold 5 min) with a heating rate of 10 °C per 1 min to 280 °C (hold 15 min). Detection was carried out in the SCAN mode m/z 34-850. The Agilent MSD ChemStation software (version 1701EA) was used to control the gas chromatography system, record and process the obtained results and data. Data processing included determination of retention times, peak areas, as well as processing of spectral information obtained using a mass spectrometric detector. To interpret the obtained mass spectra, the Wiley 7th edition and NIST’02 libraries were used (the total number of spectra in the libraries is more than 550000).
Methanol extract of
Statistical analysis. The mean and standard deviation (
Chromatographic analysis of methanolic extract of
Chemical composition of methanol extract of
S.No | Retention time, min | Compounds | Concentration, % | MW, g·mol–1 | MF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 6.19 | Acetoin | 0.10 | 88.11 | C4H8O2 |
2 | 6.36 | 1,1-diethoxyethane | 0.07 | 118.18 | C6H14O2 |
3 | 7.39 | Propargyl alcohol | 0.06 | 56.06 | C3H4O |
4 | 10.00 | 2-Furanmethanol | 0.11 | 98.10 | C5H6O2 |
5 | 10.60 | 4-Cyclopentene-1,3-dione | 0.04 | 96.08 | C5H4O2 |
6 | 11.29 | γ-Butyrolactone | 0.11 | 86.09 | C4H6O2 |
7 | 11.59 | 2-Hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-one | 0.16 | 98.10 | C5H6O2 |
8 | 11.91 | 2,5-Furandione, 3-methyl- | 0.18 | 112.08 | C5H4O3 |
9 | 12.90 | Diglycerol | 2.29 | 166.17 | C6H14O5 |
10 | 14.51 | 1,3-Benzenediol, 2-methyl- | 0.19 | 124.14 | C7H8O2 |
11 | 15.79 | 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- | 0.78 | 144.12 | C6H8O4 |
12 | 16.87 | 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran | 0.15 | 120.15 | C8H8O |
13 | 16.95 | 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural | 0.20 | 126.11 | C6H6O3 |
14 | 17.44 | D-Carvone | 0.13 | 150.22 | C10H14O |
15 | 18.05 | Isosorbide | 0.20 | 146.14 | C6H10O4 |
16 | 18.41 | 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol | 0.31 | 150.17 | C9H10O2 |
17 | 24.81 | 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl- | 0.06 | 268.48 | C18H36O |
18 | 26.00 | Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid) | 12.68 | 256.42 | C16H32O2 |
19 | 26.32 | Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester | 4.01 | 284.50 | C18H36O2 |
20 | 27.52 | Phytol | 0.30 | 296.54 | C20H40O |
21 | 27.72 | 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- | 1.97 | 280.40 | C18H32O2 |
22 | 27.78 | 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- | 3.87 | 278.40 | C18H32O2 |
23 | 27.97 | Propyl 9,12-octadecadienoate | 1.16 | 322.50 | C21H38O2 |
24 | 28.04 | Ethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate | 1.51 | 306.50 | C20H34O2 |
25 | 30.40 | β-Amyrin | 9.88 | 426.70 | C30H50O |
26 | 34.35 | Benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinoline | 17.41 | 218.25 | C15H10N2 |
27 | 34.39 | Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)- | 9.46 | 468.75 | C32H52O2 |
28 | 35.11 | Lupeol | 20.45 | 426.70 | C30H50O |
29 | 38.86 | β-Sitosterol | 6.23 | 414,71 | C29H50O |
30 | 41.72 | α-Amyrin | 4.91 | 426.70 | C30H50O |
31 | 42,39 | Carveol | 1.01 | 152.23 | C10H16O |
Chromatogram of the methanolic extract of
Triterpenes also have anti-cancer, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic properties (Banerjee et al. 2019;
Many other chemical constituents from
Chemical structure of identified phytochemicals present in methanolic extract of
Chemical structures of the main phytochemicals present in
Fatty acids have also been isolated from the leaves of
In this study carveol (1.01%) was firstly identified from leaves of
Previous studies of the phytochemical composition of other
According to studies conducted to determine the chemical composition of other varieties of the genus
Several
In this regard, minerals and amino acids were determined in the comestible organs of
Mineral content (mg/g dw) of
Mineral | Chemical symbol | Dry weight content |
---|---|---|
Sodium | Na | 44.7 ± 2.13 |
Calcium | Ca | 13.5 ± 0.42 |
Potassium | K | 10.36 ± 0.07 |
Magnesium | Mg | 6.34 ± 0.28 |
Iron | Fe | 0.29 ± 0.02 |
Manganese | Mn | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
Zinc | Zn | 0.07 ± 0.00 |
Amino acid profile (total amino acids, mg/g leaves dw) of
Group | Amino acids | Total amino acids | Group | Amino acids | Total amino acids |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indispensable amino acids (essential) | Isoleucine | 3.34 ± 0.11 | Dispensable amino acids (nonessential) | Alanine | 3.53 ± 0.02 |
Histidine | 1.13 ± 0.04 | Aspartic acid | 0.38 ± 0.01 | ||
Leucine | 3.24 ± 0.05 | Cysteine | 0.83 ± 0.01 | ||
Lysine | 6.27 ± 0.03 | Glutamic acid | 0.23 ± 0.01 | ||
Methionine | 1.08 ± 0.08 | Glutamine | 0.30 ± 0.02 | ||
Phenylalanine | 3.77 ± 0.07 | Glycine | 4.48 ± 0.06 | ||
Threonine | 4.10 ± 0.07 | Ornithine | 0.15 ± 0.09 | ||
Tryptophan | 0.61 ± 0.01 | Proline | 2.48 ± 0.05 | ||
Valine | 2.88 ± 0.09 | Serine | 4.37 ± 0.06 | ||
Arginine* | 8.29 ± 0.08 | Taurine | 0.13 ± 0.10 | ||
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According to the amino acid profile of
Our results indicate that the edible
This paper presents a study of phytochemical compounds of the
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan [Grant number AP08052551]