Corresponding author: Sophi Damayanti (
Hepatitis is a liver illness caused by virus such as hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis B and C are considerably more usual and induce more cirrhosis and dead worldwide than hepatitis A. Although drugs that are currently often used in the medication of hepatitis B and C, the finding of recent drug from various resources including herbal has been intensively developed. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to consider the possibility of plant’s compounds as anti-
Hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease which is a solemn infectious illness in the world. Hepatitis can progress to liver cancer and cirrhosis. Hepatitis B and C are types of hepatitis that can usually develop into chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis or liver cancer. The cause of hepatitis A is the picornaviridae family virus that is hepatitis A virus (
Based on WHO data, the case of hepatitis B is quite elevated in the worldwide. Some places in Asia, Africa and the Pacific shave the highest prevalence of
Hepatitis C also has been spread over the globe, approximately beyond than 180 million humans have been infected by hepatitis virus C (
This review article is supposed to provide scientific explanation about the active compounds in plants that have the potential as antiviral of hepatitis B or C using
In this review article the data presented is based on data collection in the form of journals and scientific articles both national and international journals or scientific articles obtained from search results online by entering the keywords “anti-
It is guess that beyond than 350 million humans with hepatitis B are caused by infection with the
Hepatitis C virus (family flaviviridae) is one of RNA virus. The proteins involved in the existence cycle of
About 80% of humans with acute hepatitis C will develop into chronic. Sex factors, age, asymptomatic, obesity, ethnics, HIV disease, immunosuppression conditions, alcohol, and diabetes being points that can escalate the risk of becoming chronic (
Detection of acute hepatitis C can be made if anti-
Hepatitis C patients should check the amount of hepatitis C virus RNA before receiving drug therapy in IU/mL units using real-time PCR technique. Genotype examination is needed to assign the duration of medication, therapeutic regimen and determine various techniques such as sequence analysis, hybrization and PCR. Currently the examination of 6 genotypes in chronic hepatitis C infection can be accurately identified (
Treatment of
Recuperation of hepatitis C is often focus on the chronic condition. In chronic hepatitis C therapy can be given antivirals in order to avoid the emergence of complications of cancer in the liver, death, and HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma). The target of antiviral therapy is
Most of hepatitis C treatments using
The mechanism of work of each drug in hepatitis C therapy varies with the drug itself. The mechanisms of drugs in hepatitis C therapy are:
Mechanism of work of Pegylated Interferon (Peg-IFN).
Interferon that can be immunomodulator has mechanism of works such as inhibit viral replication, the virus entry, synthesis of mRNA and also protein in hepatitis C virus.
Mechanism of work of ribavirin.
Even information about how ribavirin works is still limited but several hypotheses tell that ribavirin can inhibit the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase enzyme, replication of virus, increase the viral RNA mutagenesis and immune response of T-helper-1 (Th1). Ribavirin is metabolized in the kidneys, widely distributed throughout the body after administration is taken and can be absorbed quickly with a half-life of about 2 hours (
DAA Mechanism of Work.
There are three main working mechanism groups of DAA drugs such as:
The first group are inhibitors of NS3/4A (ending in -previr). They suppress the multiply process of hepatitis C virus by inhibiting the work of NS3 serine protease and NS4A as cofactors. There are two kind of these drugs, namely the first generation with linear forms and low genetic barriers such as boceprevir and telaprevir; and the second generation faldaprevir, simeprevir, asunaprevir, vaniprevir, paritaprevir, grazoprevir, and sovaprevir which have macrocyclic forms and intermediate or high genetic barrier (
The second group are inhibitors of NS5A (ended -asvir) such as daclatasvir, ledipasvir, ombitasvir, elbasvir, velpatasvir (
The third group are inhhibitors of NS5B in the hepatitis C virus (ended -buvir), for example : becalbuvir, dasabuvir, and sofosbuvir (
Patients who have chronic cirrhosis liver may be given antiviral as long as there are no contraindications. This aims to achieve SVR12 and reduce the incidence of various complications due to liver cancer (cirrhosis of the liver). Some existing studies show the achievement of SVR12 in patients with compensatory liver cirrhosis decreases the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensated liver cancer. However, people with hepatitis C with cirrhosis have a lower chance of achieving SVR12 (
Because of cirrhosis patient usually have hypertension, hypersplenism, low platelet, low leucocyte level and also side effects of drugs so that intense monitoring should be done during therapy (
The following is a table (Table
Active compounds present in plants that have been studied to have anti-
Active Compounds | Plant’s Name | Test Method | Anti- |
References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose |
|
Anti- |
( |
|
3-hydroxy caruilignan C |
|
Anti- |
( |
|
4-pyridone glucoside and polyacetylene glucoside |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
8-epi-kingiside (8-Epik) |
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Alkaloids and polysaccharides (SFP-100) |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Alkaloids, lectins and polysaccharides |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Apigenin | Plants that contain apigenin compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
APS |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Azadirachtin | Plants that contain azadirachtin compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
Baccatin III | Plants that contain baccatin III compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
Caffeine | Plants that contain caffeine compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
Chebulagic Acid |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Curcumin | Plants that contain curcumin compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
Delphinidin | Plants that contain delphinidin compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
|
|
|
Anti- |
( |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
||
Embelin | Plants that contain embelin compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
Ent-cauranoid (1 and 2) and ent-cauranoid type diterpenoids |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) | Plants that contain EGCG compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Anti- |
( |
||
Flavonoid |
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Gallic Acid |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Anti- |
( |
||
Glycosides longumoside A and B |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Griffithsin |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Hesperidin | Plants that contain hesperidin compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
Honokiol |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Ladanein |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Ladanein | Plants that contain ladanein compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Anti- |
( |
||
|
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Lupeol | Plants that contain lupeol compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
LPRP-Et-97543 |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Anti- |
( |
||
|
Anti- |
( |
||
Menisdaurin | Plants that contain menisdaurin compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
Monoterpenes, (japopenoid A, B, C, and caffeoliquinic acid derivatives |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Anti- |
( |
||
Naringenin | Plants that contain naringenin compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
Niranthin and nirtetralin B | Anti- |
( |
||
Norbisabolan sesquiterpenes |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Oxymatrine (OMT) |
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Phenolic compound, organic acid and terpenoids |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Phyllanthin, ellagic acid and hypophyllanthin |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
||
Plumbagin |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Polysaccharides |
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Polysaccharides |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Anti- |
( |
||
Psoralen | Plants that contain Psoralen compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
Quercetin |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Quercetin | Plants that contain quercetin compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
Quercetin and myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Anti- |
( |
||
Rutin | Plants that contain rutin compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
Saikosaponin b2 |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Saponin |
|
Anti- |
( |
|
Saponins (asiaticoside) | Anti- |
( |
||
Scytovirin |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Secoiridoid glycosides |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Sesquiterpenes |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Silibinin |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Silybin | Plants that contain Silybin compound |
|
Anti- |
|
Silymarin Extract |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Swertisin |
|
Anti- |
( |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
||
|
Anti- |
( |
||
Triterpenoid |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Ursolic acid |
|
|
Anti- |
( |
Xanthohumol |
|
Anti- |
( |
|
β Sitosterol | Plants that contain β Sitosterol compound |
|
Anti- |
( |
From the table it can see that there are many plants that have anti-hepatitis B and C by
4-pyridone glucoside and polyacetylene glucoside compounds contained in
The compound 8-epi-kingiside (8-Epik) contained in
Based on anti-hepatitis B research conducted by
The lectin compounds, polysaccharides and alkaloids contained in
The curcumin compound has anti-hepatitis B activity based on a journal reported by
Based on experiment run by
Based on research conducted by
Several glycoside and alkaloid compounds contained in the 90% ethanol extract of
The compound LPRP-Et-97543 contained in 95% ethanol extract of
Monoterpene group compounds, namely caffeoliquinic acid derivatives, japopenoids (Types A, B and C) contained in
Niranthin and nirtetralin B compounds contained in
Based on experiment run by
Oxymatrine compounds contained in
Based on the
Based on the
Based on the
The polysaccharide compound SL-4 compounds in the 95% ethanol extract of
Quercetin and myrisetin-3-O-ramnoside compounds contained in the 96% ethanol extract of
The presence of soyasaponin Bb and soyasaponin Be compounds in
Based on research by
Another study reported by
The Swertisin compound contained in the 95% ethanol extract of
Based on the research of
There are many of plants active compound as anti-
Another study reported by
Based on research by
From the results of a review of several articles, it can be concluded that there are many active compounds in plants that potentially can be developed as anti-hepatitis B and C. Although there is a need for further research related to the anti-hepatitis B and C activities of plant’s active compounds, the development and discovery of active compounds from plants as an alternative to anti-hepatitis B and C must always be explored.
We are thankful for the financial support by Ganesha Talent Assistantship-Research Group Scholarship ITB, School of Pharmacy ITB and University Center of Excellence on Artificial Intelligence for Vision, Natural Language Processing & Big Data Analytics (U-CoE AI-VLB) ITB.
This study has no conflict of interest.