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  • Article title
  • Abstract
  • Keywords
  • Introduction
  • Methods
    • Inclusion and exclusion criteria
  • Epidemiological context and prevalence
  • Influence on vision and quality of life
  • Definition and etiology of DR
  • Mechanisms for diagnosis of DME in DR
  • Angiographic manifestations in DME
  • Optical coherence tomography
  • Implications for treatment strategies
  • Current treatment modalities
    • Photocoagulation and laser therapy
    • Intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents
    • Corticosteroid treatments
    • The efficacy and limitations of treatment
  • Diabetic retinopathy interventions
    • Emerging pharmacotherapies
    • Gene therapies and individualized medicine
    • Nanotechnology applications
  • Conclusion
  • Funding
  • References
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